The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Essay Example For Students

The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Essay Communism in the USSR was doomed from the onset. Communism was condemned due to lack of support from other nations, condemned due to corruption within its leadership, condemned due to the moral weakness of humanity, making what is perfect on paper, ineffective in the real world. The end of this system was very violent. It left one of the two most powerful nations in the world fearful of what was to come. Communism can either be called a concept or system of society. In a society that follows the communist beliefs groups own the major resources and means of production, rather than a certain individual. In theory, Communism is to provide equal work, and benefits to all in a specific society. Communism is derived from many ancient resources, including Platos Republic and early Christian communities. In 1917, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their Communist Manifesto finalized the philosophy of Communism. (Communism, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia) In the beginning, people in R ussia thought of Communism as a utopian ideal. (Funk ; Wagnalls) The elimination of social classes, and guaranteed employment sounded outstanding to the people who lived in Russia. Communism did call for a role of socialist dictatorship to help control any form of protest. Through persuasive tactics this new government seized power and in 1917 Vladimir Ilich Lenin came to power. Under his control the Soviet Union underwent many radical changes that led to the development of NEP (New Economic Policy). This policy called for some private ownership of the means of production and business. Still the government controlled the majority of production. Throughout Lenins government there were many achievements. It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Czarist military system and established institutions in government. He later died in 1924, and was quickly succeeded. In 1924 Joseph Stalin became head of the Soviet Communist Party. He soon became the most powerful man in Russ ia. He ran the Soviet Union with brut power, removing all that opposed him and the Communist beliefs. This time period was known as the ?Great Purge.? Stalin systemically executed anyone who stood in his path. Stalin had millions of people arrested and killed. The government once again changed in its economic status. All private ownership was ended. Industrialization commenced, and the strength of the Soviets Military significantly increased. The only downfall was agriculture production slowly diminished. This eventually led to food shortages. During this time period the Second World War broke out and drained most of what was left of the already impoverished state. However after the war, national unity was improved and the Soviet Union once again became a super power of the world. ( Stalin and World War II, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 99 Encyclopedia) Stalins death in 1953 marked the end of the supreme power for the head of the Soviet party. Stalins successor, Nikita Khrushev, marked th e beginning of the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union. Khrushev became the first Secretary of the Communists party (Nikita Khrushev, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia). He believed Stalins actions were unnecessary and harmful to the process of moving the Socialist government to its goal of complete Communism. During his period of control the public was given some say in the government. A new policy of economy was brought in known as ?New Course.? It helped to balance the agriculture and increase food production so there were less food shortages. We will write a custom essay on The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although Nikita Khrushev started a process of reform he was dismissed due to massive shortage of dairy products, and the fact that he failed to meet any of his initial objectives. After the dismissal of Khrushev, Leonid Brezhnev became the Soviet Communist Party Secretary General in October of 1964. Under his control central power was brought back into effect. Stalins disciplinary policies were restored. One of the causes of Brezhnevs loss of power was in the way he controlled the land of Russia. During this time there was an inefficient use of land, which resulted in an economic slacking once again. The 1980s saw a dramatic drop in the standards of the Soviet citizens. This led to strikes against the government, which greatly threatened the stability of the Soviet Union. The people were angered at the fact that the Communist Party had not lived up to what it had promised which was in return for their obedience. (B, Ulam, ?Looking at the Past: The Unraveling of the Soviet Union? pg.1 12)March 1985 marked a turning point in the Communist Rule of Russia. Mikhail Gorbachev was elevated to the position of General Secretary. He was fully aware of what he had to do to keep Communism alive in Russia. He began a program called ?Perestroika? which was intended to help rebuild the government and military, but the main purpose of this program was to improve the Soviet standard of living. In the end ?Perestroika? turned out to be a complete failure. In 1991, the economy deteriorated before the eyes of Gorbachev, and he could do nothing to stop it. Soon following, the USSR voted itself out of existence in December 1991, and Gorbachev resigned as president of the former Soviet Union. .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .postImageUrl , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:hover , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:visited , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:active { border:0!important; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:active , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ALEXANDER THE GREAT EssayEventually Communism completely destroyed the Soviet Empire. The parasite of Communism finally drained the last bit of strength from the Russian nation in the late 1980s and 1990s, resulting in a sensational break-up of Soviet control. The break up of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was more than a political event. The powerful bond between the economy and politics of Russia created an uncanny situation for the successor states of the Soviet Union. The people of Russia were so accustom to the way of life under Communism; they were left with little democratic tradition. Russia was faced with one of the toughest tasks, economic democratization. But freedom did not take hold in Russia after the break-up. Instead of forging ahead with property rights and free markets, Russians devolved into a collection of turf wars, with ethnic groups, former rulers, organized crime and various other groups competing to survive. Out of the former Soviet-controlled states, the one that proceeded fastest and furthest with free-market reform instead of controlled business the Czech Republic has done the best economically by far. The ones that at least moved closer to free markets, including Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland, are doing all right but still struggle. Russia, who moved least to free markets, whose economy continued to be based on payoffs, bribes and tribute, has done the worst economically and culturally. Yet this catastrophe is often blamed on moving too fast with economic reforms. (Soviet Union,? 99 World Book Encyclopedia)Today Russias economy is in disorder. The standard of living for most people in incredibly low. It may be even lower now then during the Communist rule due to the long-term effects of the break up of the Soviet Union. One of the major factors for the fall of Communism is the government did not live up to its promise of a better life for all, and the failure of government to deal properly with social and foreign affairs. Russia is now faced with a task that may seem impractical, and a journey that may take many years, but it is believed one-day Russia may regain a well-balanced government. Works Cited: 1.?Everything About Russia (History Section).? Http://www.russia.net (6 Dec. 1999) 2.?CNN Interactive (Russian Archive).? Http://www.cnn.com (8 Des.1999) 3. B, Ulam, ?Looking at the Past: The Unraveling of the Soviet Union? Source: February 5, 1996 Associated Press article (11 Dec. 99) 4.?The Electric Passport to Russia and Communism? http://www.mrdowling.com/707russia.html (11 Dec. 1999) 5.Russian human rights commission reports gross violations, practically disbands, Source: February 5, 1996 Associated Press article (11 Dec. 99) 6. ?Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party? http://www.hartford-hwp.com/cp-usa/manifesto.html (12 Dec.99) 7. George W. Simmonds University of Detroit ?World War II Commemoration- Stalin? http://gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_stalin.html (18 Dec.99) 8. ?Marx and Engels Writings? http://english-www.hss.cmu.edu/marx/ (17 Dec.99)

Biography of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippines Dictator

Biography of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippines' Dictator Ferdinand Marcos (September 11, 1917–September 28, 1989) ruled the Philippines with an iron fist from 1966 to 1986. Critics charged Marcos and his regime with crimes like corruption and nepotism. Marcos himself is said to have exaggerated his role in World War II. He also murdered a family political rival. Marcos created an elaborate cult of personality. When that state-mandated adulation proved insufficient for him to maintain control, President Marcos declared martial law. Fast Facts: Ferdinand Marcos Known For: Philippines dictatorAlso Known As: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.Born: September 11, 1917  in Sarrat, PhilippinesParents: Mariano Marcos,  Josefa EdralinDied: September 28, 1989  in Honolulu, HawaiiEducation: University of the Philippines, College of LawAwards and Honors: Distinguished Service Cross, Medal of HonorSpouse: Imelda Marcos  (m. 1954–1989)Children: Imee,  Bongbong,  Irene, Aimee (adopted)Notable Quote: I often wonder what I will be remembered in history for. Scholar? Military hero? Builder? Early Life Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born on Sept. 11, 1917, to Mariano and Josefa Marcos in the village of Sarrat, on the island of Luzon, the Philippines. Persistent rumors say that Ferdinands biological father was a man named Ferdinand Chua, who served as his godfather. Officially, however, Josefas husband Mariano Marcos was the childs father. Young Ferdinand Marcos grew up in a privileged milieu. He excelled at school and took an eager interest in things like boxing and shooting. Education Marcos attended school in Manila. His godfather Ferdinand Chua may have helped pay for his educational expenses. During the 1930s, the young man studied law at the University of the Philippines, outside of Manila. This legal training would come in handy when Marcos was arrested and tried for a 1935 political murder. In fact, he continued his studies while in prison and even passed the bar exam with flying colors from his cell. Meanwhile, Mariano Marcos ran for a seat on the National Assembly in 1935 but was defeated for a second time by Julio Nalundasan. Assassinates Nalundasan On Sept. 20, 1935, as he was celebrating his victory over Marcos, Nalundasan was shot dead at his home. Ferdinand, then 18, had used his shooting skills to kill Nalundasan with a .22-caliber rifle. Marcos was indicted for the killing and convicted by a district court in November of 1939. He appealed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 1940. Representing himself, Marcos managed to get his conviction overturned despite strong evidence of his guilt. Mariano Marcos and (by now) Judge Chua may have used their political power to influence the outcome of the case. World War II At the outbreak of World War II, Marcos was practicing law in Manila. He soon joined the Filipino Army and fought against the Japanese invasion as a combat intelligence officer in the 21st Infantry Division. Marcos saw action in the three-month-long Battle of Bataan, in which the Allied forces lost Luzon to the Japanese. He survived the Bataan Death March, a week-long ordeal that killed about a quarter of Japans American and Filipino POWs on Luzon. Marcos escaped the prison camp and joined the resistance. He later claimed to have been a guerrilla leader, but that claim has been disputed. Post-War Era Detractors say that Marcos spent the early post-war period filing false compensation claims for wartime damages with the United States government, such as a claim for almost $600,000 for 2,000 imaginary cattle of Mariano Marcos. Marcos also served as a special assistant to the first president of the newly independent Republic of the Philippines, Manuel Roxas, from 1946 to 1947. Marcos served in the Philippines House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Senate from 1963 to 1965 as a member of Roxas Liberal Party. Rise to Power In 1965, Marcos hoped to secure the Liberal Party nomination for the presidency. The sitting president, Diosdado Macapagal (father of current president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo), had promised to step aside, but he reneged and ran again. Marcos resigned from the Liberal Party and joined the Nationalists. He won the election and was sworn in on December 30, 1965. President Marcos promised economic development, improved infrastructure, and good government to the people of the Philippines. He also pledged help to South Vietnam and the U.S. in the Vietnam War, sending more than 10,000 Filipino soldiers to fight. Cult of Personality Ferdinand Marcos was the first president to be reelected to a second term in the Philippines. Whether his reelection was rigged is a subject of debate. In any case, he consolidated his hold on power by developing a cult of personality, like those of Joseph Stalin or Mao Zedong. Marcos required every business and classroom in the country to display his official presidential portrait. He also posted giant billboards bearing propagandistic messages across the country. A handsome man, Marcos had married former beauty queen Imelda Romualdez in 1954. Her glamour added to his popularity. Martial Law Within weeks of his reelection, Marcos faced violent public protests against his rule by students and other citizens. Students demanded educational reforms; they even commandeered a fire truck and crashed it into the Presidential Palace in 1970. The Filipino Communist Party reemerged as a threat. Meanwhile, a Muslim separatist movement in the south urged succession. President Marcos responded to all of these threats by declaring martial law on September 21, 1972. He suspended habeas corpus, imposed a curfew, and jailed opponents like Benigno Ninoy Aquino. This period of martial law lasted until January 1981. Dictatorship Under martial law, Marcos took extraordinary powers for himself. He used the countrys military as a weapon against his political enemies, displaying a typically ruthless approach to opposition. Marcos also awarded a huge number of government posts to his and Imeldas relatives. Imelda herself was a member of Parliament (1978-84); Governor of Manila (1976-86); and Minister of Human Settlements (1978-86). Marcos called parliamentary elections on April 7, 1978. None of the members of jailed former Senator Benigno Aquinos LABAN party won their races. Election monitors cited widespread vote-buying by Marcos loyalists. In preparation for Pope John Paul IIs visit, Marcos lifted martial law on Jan. 17, 1981. Nonetheless, Marcos pushed through legislative and Constitutional reforms to ensure that he would retain all of his extended powers. It was purely a cosmetic change. Presidential Election of 1981 For the first time in 12 years, the Philippines held a presidential election on June 16, 1981. Marcos ran against two opponents: Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party and Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party. LABAN and Unido both boycotted the election. Marcos received 88% of the vote. He took the opportunity in his inauguration ceremony to note that he would like the job of Eternal President. Death of Aquino Opposition leader Benigno Aquino was released in 1980 after spending nearly eight years in prison. He went into exile in the United States. In August 1983, Aquino returned to the Philippines. Upon arrival, he was hustled off the plane and shot dead on the runway at the Manila Airport by a man in a military uniform. The government claimed that Rolando Galman was the assassin; Galman was immediately killed by airport security. Marcos was ill at the time, recovering from a kidney transplant. Imelda may have ordered Aquinos killing, which sparked massive protests. Later Years and Death Aug. 13, 1985, was the beginning of the end for Marcos. Fifty-six members of Parliament called for his impeachment for graft, corruption, and other high crimes. Marcos called a new election for 1986. His opponent was Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno. Marcos claimed a 1.6 million vote victory, but observers found an 800,000-vote win by Aquino. A People Power movement quickly developed, driving the Marcoses into exile in Hawaii, and affirming Aquinos election. The Marcoses had embezzled billions of dollars from the Philippines. Imelda famously left more than 2,500 pairs of shoes in her closet when she fled Manila. Marcos died of multiple organ failure in Honolulu on Sept. 28, 1989. Legacy Marcos left behind a reputation as one of the most corrupt and ruthless leaders in modern Asia. The Marcoses had taken with them more than $28 million in cash in Philippine currency. President Corazon Aquinos administration said this was only a small part of the Marcoses illegally gained wealth. Marcos excesses are perhaps best exemplified by his wifes extensive shoe collection. Imelda Marcos is reported to have gone on shopping sprees using state money to buy jewelry and shoes. She amassed a collection of more than 1,000 pairs of luxury shoes, which earned her the nickname, Marie Antoinette, with shoes. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Ferdinand Marcos.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 8 Mar. 2019..Ferdinand E. Marcos Republic of the Philippines-Department of National Defense.â€Å"Ferdinand Marcos Biography.†Ã‚  Encyclopedia of World Biography.

Morning Quotes to Inspire You to Enjoy the Gift of Life

Morning Quotes to Inspire You to Enjoy the Gift of Life Most of us have heard the adage Rise and shine - the early bird gets the worm, but do you really know the meaning behind these words? Its widely believed that early risers have more time to achieve their goals. If youre an early riser, you know how blissful mornings can be. At dawn, the first rays of the sun gently caress the earth, like a mother gently waking her child up. From then on, it is a flurry of activity, with a soundtrack of birds chirping enthusiastically. Theres not much better than catching the morning rays of the sun on your face and basking in the warm golden rays. Take a brisk walk in the fresh air, and enjoy the gentle morning breeze on your face. Inspirational Morning Quotes Here are some inspiring morning quotes to motivate you to jumpstart your day and achieve your goals. Share these morning quotes and encourage others to rise early with you. Maya AngelouIf you have only one smile in you, give it to the people you love. Dont be surly at home, then go out in the street and start grinning Good morning at total strangers. Samuel GoldwynI had a monumental idea this morning, but I didn’t like it. Cary GrantMy formula for living is quite simple. I get up in the morning and I go to bed at night. In between, I occupy myself as best I can. Mohandas GandhiPrayer is the key of the morning and the bolt of the evening. Marcus AureliusWhen you arise in the morning, think of what a precious privilege it is to be alive to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love. Mark TwainIf its your job to eat a frog, its best to do it first thing in the morning. And if its your job to eat two frogs, its best to eat the biggest one first. Author UnknownIf people were meant to pop out of bed, we’d all sleep in toasters. Emily DickinsonMorning without you is a dwindled dawn. Bertrand RussellIve always thought respectable people scoundrels, and I look anxiously at my face every morning for signs of my becoming a scoundrel. Rabindranath TagoreDo not say, It is morning, and dismiss it with a name of yesterday. See it for the first time as a newborn child that has no name. E. B. WhiteI arise in the morning torn between a desire to improve the world and a desire to enjoy the world. This makes it hard to plan the day. William BlakeThink in the morning. Act in the noon. Eat in the evening. Sleep in the night. Salvador DaliEach morning when I awake, I experience again a supreme pleasure - that of being Salvador Dali. Elbert HubbardBe pleasant until ten oclock in the morning and the rest of the day will take care of itself. Ogden NashThe bed is a bundle of paradoxes: we go to it with reluctance, yet we quit it with regret; we make up our minds every night to leave it early, but we make up our bodies every morning to keep it late. Kahlil GibranIn the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed. Billy WilderYou have to have a dream so you can get up in the morning. Jeb DickersonMorning is when the wick is lit. A flame ignited, the day delighted with heat and light, we start the fight for something more than before. Monica BaldwinI have always felt that the moment when you first wake up in the morning is the most wonderful of the twenty-four hours. No matter how weary or dreary you may feel, you possess the certainty that, during the day that lies before you, absolutely anything may happen. And the fact that it practically always doesnt, matters not a jot. The possibility is always there. Rig VedaBy getting up early in the morning one also gets more time at his disposal for work as compared to late-risers. Scholar and thinkers get up early in the morning and contemplate. Ralph Waldo EmersonHow cunningly nature hides every wrinkle of her inconceivable antiquity under roses and violets and morning dew! Marcus AureliusThe breeze at dawn has secrets to tell you. Don’t go back to sleep. Eleanor RooseveltProbably the happiest period in life most frequently is in middle age, when the eager passions of youth are cooled, and the infirmities of age not yet begun; as we see that the shadows, which are at morning and evening so large, almost entirely disappear at midday. Henry David ThoreauIn my afternoon walk I would fain forget all my morning occupations and my obligations to society. Arthur SchopenhauerEach day is a little life: every waking and rising a little birth, every fresh morning a little youth, every going to rest and sleep a little death. Aldous HuxleyIt was one of those evenings when men feel that truth, goodness and beauty are one. In the morning, when they commit their discovery to paper, when others read it written there, it looks wholly ridiculous. Jesse JamesI knew, however, that the next morning after the fight I would have to get away, and I did just in time, for a full company came early to look for me and were furious because I had escaped them. Quentin TarantinoI always do an all-night horror marathon on Saturdays where we start at seven and go until five in the morning. Van MorrisonA famous person to themselves, they don’t get up in the morning and think, I’m famous. I’m not famous to me. Famous is a perception. Jonas SalkIt is always with excitement that I wake up in the morning wondering what my intuition will toss up to me, like gifts from the sea. I work with it and rely on it. It’s my partner. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeHow like herrings and onions our vices are in the morning after we have committed them. Franz SchubertEvery night when I go to bed, I hope that I may never wake again, and every morning renews my grief. Friedrich Max MullerThe morning hour has gold at the mouth. Ambrose BierceDawn: When men of reason go to bed. Thomas JeffersonWhether I retire to bed early or late, I rise with the sun. Richard WhatelyLose an hour in the morning, and you will be all day hunting for it. Josh BillingsNever work before breakfast; if you have to work before breakfast, eat your breakfast first.

Topic CRITICAL REFLECTION AND DECISIONMAKING REPORT RELATED TO THE Essay

Topic CRITICAL REFLECTION AND DECISIONMAKING REPORT RELATED TO THE UTILISATION OF EVIDENCE - Essay Example Therefore, it is a necessity on the part of the nurse to review appropriate research in the area to check if her approach to that particular clinical problem is appropriate, effective, and ethical. In this assignment, I will present my critical thinking and reflective practice on the issue of use of restraint on patients, which I encountered in my practice based on analysis of evidence as indicated in literature and as summarised in Joanna Briggs Evidence Based Practice Information Sheet for Health Professionals Part I for use in acute and residential care facilities in the following format. The Part II of the document could not be retrieved due to copyright issues (Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery, 2002). This document has been created from the systemic reviews of evidences reflected in literature. There is a guide for level of evidences so the reader can evaluate the effectiveness, meaningfulness, and appropriateness of the evidence. The authors succinctly present the overall objectives of the guidelines in relation to use of restraints in acute and residential care settings. ... Therefore this document presented the findings from a systemic review on this topic as the best evidence-based guideline that can be used in practice. This design is appropriate to the objectives since this can lead to more vigorous evidence than personal opinion, and the evidence can be tailored to the specific focus of the review. This objective identifies an area of practice where practice needs summarised evidence through systemic reviews of international research. This puts an emphasis on rational action through a structured appraisal of empirical evidence, where unquestionably effective healthcare may be delivered (Evans D, et al. 2002). Aspect ii The clinical question(s) covered by the guideline is (are) specifically described. This document elicits the clinical questions, and the guidelines clearly address these problems. The first part of this document talks about the use and impact of restraints and the possible adverse effects from their use. Although the second part is not available here, the need to minimise restraints has been projected, which links to the guidelines. The guidelines have been derived from the recommendations in the literature which can be examined based on level of evidence. Thus this document both generates evidence and synthesise them so they can be utilised. The problem essentially is routine use of physical restraints and bed side rails in acute and long-term care facilities in an attempt to reduce liability and fall events that these patients are prone to suffer, even to the extent of 25 to 85% and in many cases unnecessary. Restraints themselves may be associated with many complications. As a result, these should be used minimally and

Outline and discuss the evolution of CSR, including its history, role Essay

Outline and discuss the evolution of CSR, including its history, role in the financial crisis and prospects for the future. Supp - Essay Example In this documentary film, Moore conducts an investigative research on the impact that the closure of General Motors’ auto plants in Flint, Michigan, United States, had on the local communities. From the documentary film, it is clearly noted how by 1988 a leading company in the caliber of General Motors failed to denote its significant contribution to the local communities where it operated and it even failed to establish a clear structure of how the organization relates with the local communities. At the time of the Closure, Moore, reported that General Motors was making substantial amounts of profits but its decision to relocate its plants to Mexico was mainly motivated by the fact the company was seeking to lower its operating expenses by using cheap labor that was available in Mexico. Whilst making this decision, Mr. Roger Smith, the chairperson of the corporation at that time, failed to be socially responsible because of the fact that his decision led to 30,000 jobs losses , and a severe economic recession within the Flint area. Moreover, there was increase in cases of crime, evictions across the area because of failure to pay rent, and massive exodus of people from the area. Presently, General Motors Corporation is one of the leading companies in the world, which has a well-elaborate corporate social responsible unit that is managed through the GM foundation, and this is a clear indication that corporate social responsibility has evolved overtime and it has grown to become an integral part of the business model of most business organizations. This present essay is based on company law and it seeks to outline and discuss the evolution of corporate social responsibility, including its history, role in the financial crisis, and prospects for the future. The history of corporate social responsibility The writings by McWilliams et al. (2006), aimed at demonstrating the evolution, which human resource management and corporate social responsibility have und ergone. This writings succeeded in doing this by first establishing a valid point that during the early stages of industrial revolution, which was taking place across various countries that are now developed, all of the companies treated their employees as machinery that were designed for performing various tasks and being rewarded. This means that companies did not put into consideration the welfare of their employees. However, following the establishment of the

Importance Of Employee Productivity

Importance Of Employee Productivity Abstract Employee productivity is very important for the success of the company in todays global competitive environment. Organizations now realized that key asset is the human capital. Employees get stress in the working environment and this slows down their productivity. There are different factors like poor air quality, open space, noise pollution, temperature, lighting, interior together effect the productivity of employees. The objective of the repot is to increase the productivity in the workplace with a particular focus on the design and interior of the office. The design of the office gives solution to all the elements which contribute in the slow productivity of employees. Environmentally responsible material and furnishings were selected to protect the health and well-being of both employees and global ecosystems. Introduction This is the era of globalization. The business environment in America is growing by giving tough competition to each other in all aspects (Marilyn, 2001). To stay in the market and deal with these changing trends, the organization or firms are focusing on internal operations like productivity, team work, and resources. They now realized that their key asset is human capital. Around 50% of North Americans work in offices, and a large percentage of these work in open-plan offices. Because people spend up to 90% of their time indoors, and much of it in their workplaces, the physical environment in offices should be carefully designed and managed. The physical conditions that tenant experience are important determinants of satisfaction, comfort, well-being, and effectiveness. Changes in modern business practices have considerably changed the way we work in the office (Kate Charles etal). When doing modern knowledge work, employees are required to analyze and integrate complex information , create new ideas, learn new skills continuously, and work in collaboration with colleagues. According to Marilyn (2001) the employees recognized their power and are now searching for new ways of giving their maximum productivity. Companies have come to realize the importance of comfort in the workplace environment in order to retain quality personnel, increase productivity, and maintain a competitive edge (Luparello, 2004). It is very important to increase comfort level of employees in order to increase profit for organization, firm and corporations. Another study was done by Ernesto (1997) in which he analyzed that on an individual level, most people experience some degree of stress in their daily lives and in their workplaces. To deal with this growing problem of work-related stress, employers must identify the specific sources of stress and take clear measures to address them (Allie, 1996). Good workplace design can make a big difference in staff satisfaction, attraction, motivation, and retention. It can also affect the level of knowledge and skills of workers, how innovative and creating they are, and how they respond to business and technological change. Poor workplace design, by contrast, is linked to lower business performance and higher level of stress experienced by employees (Amble, 2005). Vangen (1999) notes that the design of the workplace may be a significant driver in reducing employee stress. Consequently, by addressing such issues as poor acoustics, poor lighting, and poor indoor air quality, employers can go a long way towards reducing workplace stress. Karen (2004) during his research noticed that companies will look toward designs that will provide, open, technologically advanced, flexible, comfortable, and secure spaces-all the necessary components to attract and retain high caliber employees and maximize productivity. Welch (1996) focused on stress re duction issues. There are numerous, well-studied strategies that employers can apply, including anti-stress seating zones, ergonomic furniture, physical fitness centers (DiNubile Sherman, 1999). Knisley (2005) gave the idea that lighting level must be separated for individual workstation so they can perform better. However, it is important to note that this area of study is still in its relative infancy, and there is much research to be done on the subject (Beehr, 1998). An office building must have flexible and technologically advance working environment that are safe, healthy, comfortable, aesthetically pleasing, and accessible. It must be able to accommodate the specific space and equipment needs of the tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior of the office. Karen (2004) during his research noticed that companies will look toward designs that will provide, open, technologically advanced, flexible, comfortable, and secure spaces-all the necessary comp onents to attract and retain high caliber employees and maximize productivity. Aims and Objectives The core objective of this repot is: To increase the productivity in the workplace with a particular focus on the office design. To explore interior design techniques that may reduce employee stress and enhance productivity while using environmentally responsible materials and furnishings Justification It is very important to understand the work place environment where workers are exposed to stress. Therefore, all the workers involved in the business are the major constituent of an organization. As the time passes workers gain experience and became more important tool of the organization. It is evident from different researches done in past that poor working environment is one of the cause of stress. It is very important to give them healthy work environment so they remain more useful for longer period. Office design has a direct correlation with high efficiency of workers. According to a report by the Rocky Mountain Institute in Boulder (Training, 1997), employees could do a much better job if employers paid attention to the work environment. Factors increasing workers productivity The following factors will reveal the way in which the physical, technological, and logical systems work together to promote work process and increase employee productivity while decreasing their stress: Open space and productivity Nowadays, there is a blurring of the hierarchy in the organization, and people are working in a more collaborative environment. Evidence abounds that a more open environment can facilitate team members contributions to productivity. Work spaces are designed to increase informal interaction, not just to save cost and space (Wah, 1998). One of the ways to enhance an open environment and increase interaction between employees is by using the cubicle, which was introduced in the 1970s. However, one problem with using a cubicle is that employees may feel some level of stress due to lack of privacy (Bencivenga, 1998). At the same time, the need for occasional privacy can be accommodated in a variety of ways: separate telephone rooms, conference rooms, and glass walls that can be shaded if necessary (Asirvatham, 1999). Indoor air quality In practical terms, poor air quality can make it harder to concentrate and work effectively leading to symptoms such as headaches, drowsiness or eye, nose or throat irritation. The indoor air quality is determined, to a large extent, by the buildings ventilation system. Researchers have recorded that approximately one third of all employee sick leaves are due to symptoms caused by poor air quality (Mendell et al, 1999). A single source of contamination, in the form of a contaminated carpet, was found to have a marked impact on the typing speed and error rate of occupants in an office building (Wargocki et al, 2002). Evidence indicates that, while the physical attributes of the workplace such as air quality and lighting can have an impact on the productivity of occupiers, it has been known for some time that what might be termed the psychosocial aspects of the working environment can also be significant contributors (or inhibitors) towards greater productivity. These aspects may relat e to the ability to interact with colleagues, the degree of social equity and community in the workplace and the provision of a stimulating visual environment. Access to windows and view, opportunities for interaction and control of ones immediate environment are some of the factors that contribute to improved workplace satisfaction. A substantial portion of the US population suffers from communicable respiratory illness, allergy, asthma symptoms, and symptoms of sick building syndrome. There is evidence that changes in the building design, operation, and maintenance can significantly reduce these illnesses. A decrease in these health problems would lead to lower health costs: a reduction in sick leave, and shorter periods of illness, which might increase work productivity. These benefits can be economically translated into billions of dollars (Fisk, 2000). Lighting Daylight provides important benefits to workers, including better visual acuity, a connection to nature, and enhanced productivity (Means, 2002). According to the Steelcase Workplace Index survey (released Dec. 1, 1999), 56% of the office workers responding said that poor lighting in the workplace caused them tired or watery eyes, while another 30% said it caused headaches Therefore, daylight was used throughout the office to promote productivity. In addition, a combination of indirect and direct electrical lighting was used to provide an even, glare-free ambiance, while task lighting was added to increase light levels for specific tasks (Steffy, 2002). Slater (1984) found that task lighting had the greatest impact on performance compared with down lighting and side lighting. The design of office environments must place emphasis on providing each occupant with access to natural light and views to the outside. Knisley (2005) found that in todays dynamic workplace, employees are shifti ng among a variety of tasks during a typical day. A high light level is needed for reading documents with small text, a medium light is more appropriate for meetings, and an even lower level is required for keyboard tasks on a computer. In addition, each employees personal light requirements may differ based on age, vision, or preference. The open office area would have pendant ambient lighting that would provide primarily indirect lighting but also some direct lighting to create an even, glare-free environment. In addition, task lighting will be added to each desk as needed. Lighting in conference rooms would be manually dimmable to provide light adjustment that supports different activities. Accent lighting will be installed to emphasize certain decorative features on the walls. In addition, daylight sensors would be installed to control electrical lighting level based on daylight contribution and thereby maximize efficiency. The following discusses some specific solutions for the lighting: In addition, a study conducted by the Commission for Architecture the Built Environment and the British Council for Offices found that even simple things such as good lighting and adequate daylight can reduce absenteeism by 15 per cent and increase productivity by between 2.8 per cent and 20 per cent (Amble, 2005). Windows have also been found to play an important role in employee stress. There is a relationship between lack of windows in the workplace and employees feelings of job dissatisfaction, depression, and tension. A view of natural elements such as trees, vegetation, plants, and foliage was found to buffer the negative impact of job stress (Leather Di Beals, 1998). Control noise levels. Cooper, Dewe, and ODriscoll (2001) suggest that poor noise conditions can have a severe impact on a workers physical health and psychological well-being.Unpredictable noise has been found to increase arousal levels but such noises also require more attention and cause distraction. Telephones ringing, doors banging, mobile phones ringing and coworkers shouting across the room could all be termed unpredictable noise, unless they occur with such frequency as to become the norm. Technical Connectivity Technology has become an indispensable tool for business and industry. Given that technology is driving a variety of changes in the organizational and architectural forms of office buildings. The design made must include easy access to this technology. Temperature It should not be too surprising to learn that performance levels of workers, whether in the office or factory environment, drop off when it gets too hot or too cold yet that is the finding of many research projects conducted over extended periods of time. In other words, there is an optimum temperature or band of temperatures to maximize performance. This is true particularly when considering the effects of temperature on physical performance although the link is less evident when considering effects on mental performance. To put it another way, the band of temperature that secures optimum mental performance is wider. Despite this finding, building management systems are typically operated to achieve a narrow spread of acceptable temperatures in the office environment. Wyon (1974) found that typewriting speeds were approximately 40-50% slower when temperatures rose from 200C to 240C. In a later study, Wyon et al (1979) concluded that certain office-based tasks can be improved by tem peratures up to 260C. Interestingly, when other tests were performed (assessing creativity, spelling, vocabulary and manual dexterity), the researchers found no material difference in performance as the temperature levels changed within a broad range. What the above research shows, if anything, is that the ideal temperature for a specific office-based activity may not be ideal for another activity or, occupiers are more resilient than is imagined and can cope adequately with a range of temperatures The vast majority of health research has focused on Building Related Illnesses (BRI) and the relationship to indoor air quality and the thermal environment. Occurrences of Building Related Illness can be very costly to an organization, especially when symptoms are associated with reduced work performance, absenteeism, or temporary abandonment of the building. Not surprisingly, one of the driving forces behind the sustainable design movement is the improvement of indoor air quality Use mobile furniture Adjustable and mobile furniture is a good option for growing businesses with limited space; you can easily reconfigure cubicles and workstations and rearrange your office to accommodate growth, partition departments, or separate equipment areas and other noisy parts of the office. Mobile furniture was selected to provide flexibility in accommodating team meetings and gatherings of different sizes and to adjust more easily to future changes (Sterk, 2005). The furniture should be extremely durable to avoid early replacement Relaxation, and exercise rooms An important component of stress management programs is relaxation centers that are analogous to fitness centers (Ernesto, 1997). The purpose of these facilities is to provide employees with an area, equipment, and qualified staff to encourage learning and practicing stress management and relaxation techniques. Special relaxation rooms are also mentioned by Stevens (2001). These rooms are totally enclosed and soundproof Therefore, the design strategy included support spaces such as meditation, exercise, and relaxation rooms. These rooms would provide employees with comfortable, stress-free venues to enhance creativity and productivity. The meditation room would have a view to the outside landscaping as suggested by Leather Di Beals (1998), who found that a view of natural elements such as trees, plants, and foliage could buffer the negative impact of job stress. Both the meditation and relaxation rooms would also be insulated and soundproof to limit noise distractions. Conclusion Based on the research cited in this study, it is clear that the stress levels, health, and productivity of people in their workplace can be greatly influenced by the environment and physical work space they occupy on a daily basis. It is important to continue to educate the business community regarding the direct benefits of providing an improved work environment. Good working environments can help employers recruit and retain well-qualified employees, and any improvements in the well-being of employees are in the best interests of the employers themselves. Before embarking on a design project, the designers must review the literature to identify the design theories and research that will guide design decisions (i.e. researchbased design). In this project there were two areas of interest: 1). reducing stress among employees and 2). Creating greater productivity for the company. Of equal importance is the need to educate the community about the benefits of using environmentally respon sible furnishing and finishing materials, which are now widely available. Increased use of these materials not only benefits the individuals in the workplace, it contributes to protection of global ecosystems. The research that supports this study suggests that a company that provides a well-designed work environment not only enhances the wellbeing of its employees but also increases productivity and may ultimately reduce its healthcare costs. Furthermore, it will set an example in the community as an environmentally responsible employer and member of that community. Recommendations An outcome of the research includes a series of recommendations targeted the designs of work place. Hire professional designers or engineers to ensure compliance with safety standards and codes. Provide designs in accordance with good practice as well as applicable building, fire, health codes and regulations. Conduct preliminary hazard analysis and design reviews to eliminate or mitigate hazards in work place. Provide engineering controls in place rather than rely on personal protective equipment or administrative work procedures to prevent mishaps. To reduce auditory distractions, put fax machines, copiers and other noisy office equipment in a separate area surrounded by cubicle walls Try to keep noisier employees, such as customer service representatives or salespeople who spend a lot of time on the phone, away from those who require quiet work spaces. Consider using panel systems, carpeting and ceiling tiles to absorb sound and provide privacy. During the planning stage, identify all necessary technological systems (e.g., voice/cable/data systems such as audio/visual systems, speaker systems, Internet access, Consider and accommodate for wireless technologies

Research question †How many molecules are there in a liquid drop? Essay

Variables – Independent variable – The nature of the liquid drop. Dependent variable – Mass of liquid drop. Constants – * Concentration of the liquids * The volume of a drop * Temperature of the liquids Hypotheses and prediction – The heavier the liquid used i.e. a liquid with a high relative molar mass, the more the number of molecules per drop. I predict this as the RMM (relative molar mass) is the measure of the mass of molecules that make up a mole of a substance, and hence the higher the mass is, the more the number of molecules there have to be. Thus, the liquid would have more number of molecules per unit volume as compared to one with a lower RMM, keeping in mind the same concentration is taken. Apparatus – 1. Measuring scale, in grams (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01 g) 2. Dropper 3. Beaker, 50 ml 4. Distilled water 5. Glycerine 6. Ethanol 7. Ethylene glycol 8. Tissue paper Methodology – 1. We collected the apparatus needed and measured the mass of the 50 ml beaker. We called it m1. 2. Using a dropper, we put 20 drops of water in the beaker. We measured the mass of the beaker + water, and called it m2. The mass of the 20 drops of water was found by subtracting m1 from m2. The answer was divided by 20 to find out the mass of one drop of water. 3. We repeated step 2, with water, using 40, 60, 80 and 100 drops. This made the experiment more accurate i.e. gave a more precise mass of the water drop. 4. then, we repeated steps 3 and 4 with the three other liquids – ethanol, glycerine and ethylene glycol. 5. Values were noted down. Further calculations were made using the mole equation – Number of moles = And, also using Avogadro’s constant, where the number of molecules in one mole of a substance is 6.023 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Controlling, varying and monitoring the variables – > The independent variable was varied by using not one, but four different types of liquid. These were – distilled water, glycerine, ethanol and ethylene glycol. These liquids have different relative molecular masses. > The change of the dependent variable were monitored by using a measuring scale to observe the change in the masses of the same number of drops when different liquids were tried. > The controlled variables were kept constant:- (a) All the four liquids had the same concentration of 1 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This was necessary as a change in the concentration produces a change in the number of moles of the liquid in the drop. (b) The drops were all of the same sizes, and hence of the same volume. the volume was kept constant by using the same dropper for each trial, and furthermore, by applying the same pressure (from the fingers) to the bulb of the dropper. (c) The temperature of the liquid was necessary to keep constant as even trivial changes in temperatures can make a liquid expand or contract, changing its volume. The experiment was carried out at room temperature, for all trials. The temperature of the surroundings was unchanged throughout the experiment i.e. the temperature of the air conditioner was not altered. Collecting relevant and sufficient data – Before the experiment, several trials were executed in order to get a gist of the experiment and recognize and amend any errors. Examples of errors include applying different amounts of pressure on the dropper bulb, giving us drops of different volumes. We also noticed that sometimes, more or less drops were added than needed, due to not observing well or counting the number of drops being put into the beaker carefully. We corrected this by paying more attention to the number of drops being put into the beaker. These errors were made right and taking trials before the experiment ensured we had a more precise, accurate and relevant experiment. We also decided to take the mass as the dependent variable, instead of volume, as we were provided with a measuring scale which was much more accurate (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01 g) as compared to even the most accurate measuring cylinder (10 ml, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.1 ml). This reduced the overall uncertainty of the equipment used and hence the general error of the experiment, and made the data more relevant and certain. On the other hand, it was made sure sufficient data was collected as we took five different trials (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 drops) for each of the four liquids, just to average it down and get the mass of one drop (for each liquid). Furthermore, we measured the masses of high numbers of drops ex:- 60, 80, 100 drops etc. as the higher the number of drops, the lesser the error uncertainty. The standard deviations of the averages of each set of drops has not been calculated, as it isn’t the final value needed (i.e. the average mass of one drop is the final value needed). I have rounded off those averages to three decimal places (instead of one) as the values are very small. The average mass of one drop has been rounded off to the same number of places as the standard deviation, that is two significant figures. The calculations are shown on the following page. Calculations – * The averages have been calculated the following way:- For example, taking the values for water = = = = 0.0634 = 6.3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (to one dp) * The standard deviation for the averages have been found out in the following way:- 1. First the average of the values have been found. Taking the example of the values of water the average is 6.3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ g (0.0634 g). 2. Then, the difference between each reading and the average was found. That is: 0.058 – 0.0634 = -0.0054 0.059 – 0.0634 = -0.0044 0.065 – 0.0634 = 0.0016 0.067 – 0.0634 = 0.0036 0.068 – 0.0634 = 0.0046 3. Next, these differences were squared (in order to remove any negative signs): (-0.0054)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2.916 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 (-0.0044)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 1.936 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 (0.0016)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 (0.0036)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 1.296 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 (0.0046)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2.116 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 4. These squares were then added, and the sum was divided by (n – 1), where â€Å"n† is the number of values. = 2.13 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 5. Finally, the square root of this number gives the standard deviation of the average: = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.615 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ However, this value is always rounded off to one significant figure (hence, so is the average value) giving – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.2 s. 6. This method was used to get the standard deviation of the rest of the four averages as well. * The number of moles of the liquid contained in the drop was calculated by the formula = Number of moles = . The relative molar masses of the four liquids were taken from literature values – Water – 18 ; Glycerine – 92 ; Ethanol – 46 and Ethylene Glycol – 62. (www.wikipedia.com) * The number of molecules present in the drop was found out by using Avogadro’s formula which states – Number of molecules = Number of moles of the substance à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (6.023 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) Data processing – Graph 1 – This graph shows us two things – the mass of the liquid drop as well as the number of molecules each drop contains – of four different liquids, which are placed on the X axis. Comparing this graph, and literature values, we can see there is an indirect relationship between the mass of the drop and the number of molecules. This relationship is most importantly affected by the relative molar mass (RMM) of the liquid. A higher RMM means a lesser number of moles in a given volume, as is seen in the case of glycerine, where the number of molecules is seen to be relatively lesser when compared to its mass; and other values. This means that glycerine’s molecules are heavy, large or more dense. Whereas in the case of water, the number of molecules is seen to be much higher as compared its mass – which suggests that water has a lower RMM, relatively, and hence is â€Å"lighter†, or smaller, on the whole. This graph also shows us anomalous results regarding the mass of the ethylene glycol drop. Technically, the ethylene glycol drop should have a greater mass as when compared to ethanol, as it has a greater RMM (value got from literature data) and a lesser number of molecules. This could have been due to errors in the volume of the liquid drop (for example), which have been explained in the evaluation. Conclusion – Thus, we can conclude by stating that the hypothesis has been proved wrong i.e. as the relative molecular mass of a liquid increases, or the mass of the liquid drop increases, the number of molecules it contains decreases. This is because the relative molar mass is a measure of the mass of one mole of a substance (relative to 1/12 of the mass of carbon 12), and one mole of any substance consists of the same number of molecules – 6.023 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. However, one mole of a substance may differ in mass from one mole of another substance. This is solely because of the mass of the particles contained in that one mole of the substance. A compound which has i) many atoms ii) heavy atoms (in one molecule), will have a higher relative molar mass than a molecule of a compound which has lesser atoms or lighter ones (or both). In this experiment, we are not measuring the number of molecules in one mole of these for substances, but in one drop. hence, the volume remains constant here. Thus, the only way a drop of a substance (of the same volume as the other three drops) will have more number of molecules than any other will be by the liquid having a lower RMM, so that more number of particles would fit in that drop. Taking the example of water, its mass is relatively lower as compared to the number of molecules it contains. This simply suggests that a water molecule will either have lesser atoms, or lighter atoms, or both. On the other hand, the molecule of glycerine is fairly heavy, with an RMM of 92 (whereas the RMM of water is 18) and we can see by the graph that the number of molecules it has is relatively lower than that of water’s however the mass of the drop is higher than that of water’s. This shows that glycerine molecules are heavier than water molecules. Thus, as the mass of the drop increases, the number of molecules it contains decreases. Errors and observations – > Glycerine doesn’t dissolve in water, hence it was difficult to clean the dropper and the measuring cylinder containing it. > Ethanol, being an alcohol, was volatile. Thus, it easily evaporated. This could have been the reason why the mass of the ethanol drop was lower than expected. > Any slight changes in the room temperature would have caused an error to the volume of the drop, since it is so small in volume, ex:- opening of the laboratory door, changing of the temperature of the air conditioner, opening of the windows. However, it was made sure as far as it could to avoid these changes. > The same dropper was used for each liquid, in order to try to maintain the volume of the drops. This could have resulted in the liquids mixing up, hence altering the mass values. > Minute air particles like dust and dirt could have affected the experiment by changing the mass of the drops. > The readings taken towards the end of the laboratory session were slightly heavier (due to some liquid still remaining in the instrument). > The angle with which the dropper was held made a difference to the size of the drop i.e. if the drop was held vertically, the drops flowed faster and were heavier. Whereas if the dropper was held more horizontally, the speed of the flow of the drops was slower and the size was smaller. > After filling the dropper, the first drops were slightly heavier as compared to the last ones due to the extra pressure being applied to them from the liquid above. > Air bubbles were trapped in the liquids. > Glycerine had the largest and most viscous drops whereas water had the smallest and least viscous drops. > Sometimes, drops were added to a measuring cylinder which already contained drops, intentionally. For example, if a measuring cylinder had 20 drops of water, 20 more drops were added and then the mass for 40 drops of water was measured. In case there were any errors for the first 20 drops, they could have carried on for the next 20 drops. > The liquids could have been slightly impure, as they were all being used for the same experiment (some could have mixed). This would have made a difference to the mass. Evaluation – 1. In order to clean the glycerine left from the sides of the dropper etc, a substance which dissolves glycerine could have been used, for example alcohol. 2. Since ethanol was volatile, the experiment could have been carried out in an area where there was no straight wind. The ethanol bottle could have been kept shut for most of the time, and the masses could have been taken down quickly. 3. The room temperature could have been well monitored by maintaining a constant temperature (of the air conditioner) and strictly ensuring that the windows or the door weren’t opened. 4. Extra care and hygiene could be taken to ensure that the liquids didn’t mix up. This could be done by making sure that attention is paid to the lab while performing it and the volunteers aren’t distracted. To make sure the dropper was well cleaned for each trial, liquids which dissolved the liquids being used could have been applied. Another way could be to find another dropper with the exactly same diameter as the one being used. This would decrease the errors by a great deal. 5. To ensure dust particles didn’t fall into the liquids, a conical flask could be used. 6. After each trial, it should be made sure that the beaker is cleaned well and wiped well too, by tissue paper. In order to ensure that there is no extra liquid remaining, the mass of the beaker could be checked before adding the drops. 7. One set angle (of the dropper) should be used, for example the dropper could held at approximately 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to the laboratory surface table for all trials. The pressure applied to the bulb should also be monitored. 8. When the dropper is full, the experiment could be carried out more slowly and the number of drops be carefully monitored. This would make sure that the size of the drops was not too large, and that the number of drops being added to the beaker were carefully monitored. 9. To decrease the number of air bubbles, the bottles which contained the four liquids could be shut for most of the time and not moved around much. It should also be made sure that the dropper was full with sufficient liquid so that there would be very less air bubbles, or none at all. 10. To avoid carry-on errors, each trial could be performed after cleaning the beaker with water and wiping it well with tissue, each time. These would be the improvements I would add to my experiment in case I perform it again. I would also like to use more, different liquids, in order to get a broader idea of the experiment.